Abstract: The article is dedicated to the twentieth anniversary of the educational program “Global and Interregional Processes” opened at Moscow State University in 2005 on the initiative of Academician V. A. Sadovnichy. The article highlights the main trends in the development of world science and education that influenced the opening of the program and the creation of the Faculty of Global Processes. Tendencies towards the creation of planetary-scale scientific theories, interdisciplinarity, the development of the theory of complex systems, the emergence of supercomputer technologies, and the renaissance of mathematical modeling are identified as the main factors in the opening of the program and the foundation of the faculty. Perspective areas of “advanced development” of the educational and research potential of the Faculty of Global Processes of Moscow State University are revealed.
Keywords: educational program “Global and Interregional Processes”; Faculty of Global Processes of Moscow State University; “globalization” of scientific knowledge; interdisciplinarity; Complex systems theory; supercomputing technologies; renaissance of mathematical modeling.

Abstract. The informational essence of civilizations and the process of globalization requires clarification of the concept of information. The difference between information generated by human society and all other types of information is shown. Changes in the environment and the increase in the planet’s population have led to a new reality to which all civilizations are forced to adapt. Globalization is no different from the self-organization of civilizations, but has a planetary rather than a local character. The fractal structure of civilizations and the process of globalization is considered, which has greater adaptive capabilities in comparison with non-fractal systems. Fractality imparts order to information about the experience of self-preservation of society, stored by civilization, due to which information is more firmly stored in memory and easier to retrieve from it.
Key words: globalization, civilizations, information, self-organization, BRICS, fractals.

Abstract. The peace Treaty between Soviet Russia and the Republic of Finland, signed in Tartu in 1920, laid the foundations for relations between the two neighboring countries. Väine Tanner, who led the reformist Social Democratic Party of Finland after the defeat of the Reds in the Civil War of 1918, was a direct participant in the peace negotiations. In his memoirs, Tanner scrupulously examines the issue of concluding an agreement with Soviet Russia through the prism of the development of domestic and world politics. His assessments sometimes coincide to the smallest detail with the assessments of Soviet diplomats who worked at the negotiations in Tartu. Referring to the history of the peaceful settlement of relations between Soviet Russia and Finland, among other things, allows us to conclude that a more realistic approach to relations with the “big eastern neighbor” would have allowed Helsinki to make the necessary decisions in 1920 that would have saved Finland from subsequent wars with the Soviet Union and significant territorial losses.
Keywords: national independence, revolution, civil war, global interests, territorial claims, peace treaty.

Abstract. In the current geopolitical realities, when the system of international relations is being restructured and a number of states are striving to establish their own “rules-based” model as the dominant one, a special attention should be paid to the analysis of the degree of economic protection of the national state from external threats.
Based on the systematization of available statistical data, the authors attempt to analyze modern Russian export-import relations, paying special attention to the state of energy exports in the face of unprecedented sanctions pressure from unfriendly countries. It also provides a comprehensive review of the regulatory framework of the Russian Federation in the field of foreign trade, and examines the most significant legislative acts.
Keywords: energy, export, Russian Federation, foreign trade, legislation, sanctions.

Abstract: The current environmental challenges present a fundamental geopolitical impasse for the 21st century, threatening to destabilize global security through interconnected socio-economic disruptions. The Western-centered dominant narrative and current global governance promote the concepts of “zero-growth” or “degrowth” without acknowledging the significant disparity in international development levels and the significant challenges many countries still face in accessing basic living conditions. In this context, the Global South faces a triple burden: achieving development on a sustainable path, contending with the most severe impacts of climate change, and navigating the unequal (ecological) economic exchanges dictated by center-periphery dynamics. This essay argues that the current international governance model is inadequate to overcome these challenges and that only through the adoption of a multipolar democratic perspective, championed by BRICS+ countries and their partners, can a more equitable and balanced approach to sustainable development and energy transition be achieved. The essay explores how BRICS+ can play a pivotal role in shaping a more just global framework for sustainable development and energy transition, one that departs from Western-centric ideas and policies. The conclusions emphasize the critical need for South-South cooperation and collaboration within the BRICS+ framework, particularly in promoting scientific and technological neutrality while upholding sovereignty and equality in the international system without imposing conditions on members and partners. Finally, given the vast technological and energy resource potential of BRICS+ countries, they are positioned to become a leading force in global energy governance.
Keywords: BRICS+; Global South; Sustainable Development; Energy Transition; Multipolar Governance; Climate Change; South-South Cooperation.

Absract. The article attempts to describe the national security strategy of the Turkish Republic. The purpose of the study is to identify the conceptual and institutional basis of the national security strategy of modern Turkey to understand the essence of the actions of its leadership, which influences political and economic processes in a number of regions of the world.
The article is based on the analysis of the works of Russian and foreign sci-entists devoted to the foreign policy of the Turkish state.
A brief description of the sources of threats to the national security of the Turkish state is presented. Some aspects of Turkish-American, Turkish-Israeli, Turkish-European political relations and contradictions are indicated. Particular attention is paid to Russian-Turkish relations in the context of a special military operation in Ukraine.
The tasks assigned to the National Intelligence Organization in order to im-plement the provisions of the Turkish National Security strategy are listed.
The role of Hakan Fidan in organizing the activities of key agencies that en-sure the implementation of Turkey’s national security strategy is also presented.
It has been demonstrated that over the past 15 years, the system of national security agencies of the Republic of Uzbekistan has been significantly modernized, taking into account the improvement in the quality of information provided to the country’s military and political leadership for strategic decision-making.
Key words: Turkey, strategy, national security, interests, threats, National intelligence organization.

Abstract. The state legal regulation of international and foreign economic relations of Russian regions, implemented in a variety of forms and directions, is integrated into the country’s constitutional and legal system. From the 1990s to the present day, it has undergone significant evolution, adapting to changes in the development of the state. The analysis of the regulatory framework presented in this article reveals the dynamics of changes in the political and legal status of the regions in the context of their international activities, characterized by a gradual restriction of their previous unstructured independence and a transition to more methodical supervision by certain federal authorities. Particular attention is paid to the regions’ actorness from the perspective of international relations theory, as well as their legal capacity in their international activities from a legal standpoint, the forms and methods of their participation in international relations, and the legally enshrined conceptual apparatus defining such activities. Having gone from previous independence to control, the regions’ external relations have not only retained their paradiplomatic potential but have also gained new opportunities thanks to institutional support and resources from the federal center, ensuring more efficient and controlled participation in international cooperation within the framework of national interests.
Key words: external relations of regions, subnational actors, international activities of regions, Russian regional paradiplomacy, cross-border cooperation, regional foreign trade activities, foreign economic and international relations of Russian Federation subjects.

The article is devoted to the study of forms and methods of influence of mass communication on mass consciousness. The relevance of the work is due to the transformation of the media landscape in the context of digitalization, which requires the systematization of modern mechanisms of influence. The main purpose of the article is to analyze the key methods of media interaction, their specifics and cultural conditionality.
The main method and explanatory principle of the work is the institutional activity approach, which considers communication as a social process with subject-object relations. The article is based on the scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists devoted to various aspects of the study of the influence of mass communication on mass consciousness.
In the course of the research, the forms and methods of mass communication’s influence on mass consciousness are systematized, and it is also revealed that mass communication forms cognitive patterns and polarization of consciousness through framing information messages, emotional content and algorithmic personalization. The key trends are the dominance of visual formats and the growing influence of microbloggers as subjects of media interaction.
To achieve this goal, the features of the impact of mass communication on mass consciousness are analyzed and the most relevant trends in the development of mechanisms of influence, including propaganda, framing and advertising, are identified. It is also determined that in collectivist societies (China, Japan), methods appealing to group values are effective, while in individualistic cultures (USA, EU), personal experience and critical thinking are more important.
It is concluded that mass communication uses a set of forms (informational, ideological, entertainment) and methods (framing, agenda setting, microtargeting) to influence mass consciousness, as well as that the effectiveness of methods depends on the cultural context and psychological characteristics of the audience.
Keywords: mass communication, mass consciousness, propaganda, mass media.

Abstract. The article is devoted to the Moscow Society of Naturalists’ July 2025 expedition along the Volga River and the Lower Volga region. It describes in detail the expedition’s most significant events, including its route, workshops, lectures, exhibitions, and other activities.
Key words: Moscow Society of Naturalist, MSON, 220 years of MSON, Lomonosov Moscow State University, scientific societies of Russia, expedition, Fleet of floating universities, Volga river, Kamyshin