Abstract. The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of partnership diplomacy as a central instrument of China’s modern foreign policy, formed in response to the challenges of the post-bipolar world, which redefines approaches to building international relations, as well as evidence of its consistency, evolutionariness and fundamental difference from the practices of alliances. Drawing on Chinese sources, the genesis, essence and evolution of this model are examined. An analysis of Chinese scholars’ approaches to the concept of “partnership” is presented, and its authorial definition is formulated as a strategic arrangement within the framework of non-aligned cooperation, representing a flexible form of bilateral relations based on common interests, equality, and a non-confrontational stance towards third parties.
The work presents an authorial chronology of the development of the PRC’s partnership system since 1993, outlining its key objectives and characteristics. Particular attention is paid to a comparative analysis of partnership and the traditional military-political alliance based on criteria such as purpose, spheres of cooperation, nature, degree of institutionalisation, and obligations, which underscores the fundamental distinction of the Chinese model from the logic of bloc confrontation.
The substantive content and interpretation of the main types of partnerships are examined in detail, alongside academic debates concerning their efficacy and practical significance. The system of factors China considers when establishing and deepening partnership relations is revealed, among which mutual political support (especially on issues of sovereignty and territorial integrity) and economic interdependence play a key role, rather than military or coercive influence. The attention is also paid to the shortcomings of China’s partnership diplomacy.
In conclusion, it is argued that China’s partnership diplomacy constitutes a holistic, consistent, and strategically significant model of foreign policy interaction. It serves as a practical projection of the concept of a “community with a shared future for mankind,” offering an inclusive alternative to traditional alliances and playing a key role in the implementation of Beijing’s global initiatives, such as the “Belt and Road” initiative.
Keywords: Chinese foreign policy, partnership diplomacy, strategic partnership, comprehensive partnership, alliance.