Abstract: The article is dedicated to the twentieth anniversary of the educational program “Global and Interregional Processes” opened at Moscow State University in 2005 on the initiative of Academician V. A. Sadovnichy. The article highlights the main trends in the development of world science and education that influenced the opening of the program and the creation of the Faculty of Global Processes. Tendencies towards the creation of planetary-scale scientific theories, interdisciplinarity, the development of the theory of complex systems, the emergence of supercomputer technologies, and the renaissance of mathematical modeling are identified as the main factors in the opening of the program and the foundation of the faculty. Perspective areas of “advanced development” of the educational and research potential of the Faculty of Global Processes of Moscow State University are revealed.
Keywords: educational program “Global and Interregional Processes”; Faculty of Global Processes of Moscow State University; “globalization” of scientific knowledge; interdisciplinarity; Complex systems theory; supercomputing technologies; renaissance of mathematical modeling.

Abstract. The informational essence of civilizations and the process of globalization requires clarification of the concept of information. The difference between information generated by human society and all other types of information is shown. Changes in the environment and the increase in the planet’s population have led to a new reality to which all civilizations are forced to adapt. Globalization is no different from the self-organization of civilizations, but has a planetary rather than a local character. The fractal structure of civilizations and the process of globalization is considered, which has greater adaptive capabilities in comparison with non-fractal systems. Fractality imparts order to information about the experience of self-preservation of society, stored by civilization, due to which information is more firmly stored in memory and easier to retrieve from it.
Key words: globalization, civilizations, information, self-organization, BRICS, fractals.

Abstract. The peace Treaty between Soviet Russia and the Republic of Finland, signed in Tartu in 1920, laid the foundations for relations between the two neighboring countries. Väine Tanner, who led the reformist Social Democratic Party of Finland after the defeat of the Reds in the Civil War of 1918, was a direct participant in the peace negotiations. In his memoirs, Tanner scrupulously examines the issue of concluding an agreement with Soviet Russia through the prism of the development of domestic and world politics. His assessments sometimes coincide to the smallest detail with the assessments of Soviet diplomats who worked at the negotiations in Tartu. Referring to the history of the peaceful settlement of relations between Soviet Russia and Finland, among other things, allows us to conclude that a more realistic approach to relations with the “big eastern neighbor” would have allowed Helsinki to make the necessary decisions in 1920 that would have saved Finland from subsequent wars with the Soviet Union and significant territorial losses.
Keywords: national independence, revolution, civil war, global interests, territorial claims, peace treaty.

Abstract. In the current geopolitical realities, when the system of international relations is being restructured and a number of states are striving to establish their own “rules-based” model as the dominant one, a special attention should be paid to the analysis of the degree of economic protection of the national state from external threats.
Based on the systematization of available statistical data, the authors attempt to analyze modern Russian export-import relations, paying special attention to the state of energy exports in the face of unprecedented sanctions pressure from unfriendly countries. It also provides a comprehensive review of the regulatory framework of the Russian Federation in the field of foreign trade, and examines the most significant legislative acts.
Keywords: energy, export, Russian Federation, foreign trade, legislation, sanctions.

Abstract: The current environmental challenges present a fundamental geopolitical impasse for the 21st century, threatening to destabilize global security through interconnected socio-economic disruptions. The Western-centered dominant narrative and current global governance promote the concepts of “zero-growth” or “degrowth” without acknowledging the significant disparity in international development levels and the significant challenges many countries still face in accessing basic living conditions. In this context, the Global South faces a triple burden: achieving development on a sustainable path, contending with the most severe impacts of climate change, and navigating the unequal (ecological) economic exchanges dictated by center-periphery dynamics. This essay argues that the current international governance model is inadequate to overcome these challenges and that only through the adoption of a multipolar democratic perspective, championed by BRICS+ countries and their partners, can a more equitable and balanced approach to sustainable development and energy transition be achieved. The essay explores how BRICS+ can play a pivotal role in shaping a more just global framework for sustainable development and energy transition, one that departs from Western-centric ideas and policies. The conclusions emphasize the critical need for South-South cooperation and collaboration within the BRICS+ framework, particularly in promoting scientific and technological neutrality while upholding sovereignty and equality in the international system without imposing conditions on members and partners. Finally, given the vast technological and energy resource potential of BRICS+ countries, they are positioned to become a leading force in global energy governance.
Keywords: BRICS+; Global South; Sustainable Development; Energy Transition; Multipolar Governance; Climate Change; South-South Cooperation.

Absract. The article attempts to describe the national security strategy of the Turkish Republic. The purpose of the study is to identify the conceptual and institutional basis of the national security strategy of modern Turkey to understand the essence of the actions of its leadership, which influences political and economic processes in a number of regions of the world.
The article is based on the analysis of the works of Russian and foreign sci-entists devoted to the foreign policy of the Turkish state.
A brief description of the sources of threats to the national security of the Turkish state is presented. Some aspects of Turkish-American, Turkish-Israeli, Turkish-European political relations and contradictions are indicated. Particular attention is paid to Russian-Turkish relations in the context of a special military operation in Ukraine.
The tasks assigned to the National Intelligence Organization in order to im-plement the provisions of the Turkish National Security strategy are listed.
The role of Hakan Fidan in organizing the activities of key agencies that en-sure the implementation of Turkey’s national security strategy is also presented.
It has been demonstrated that over the past 15 years, the system of national security agencies of the Republic of Uzbekistan has been significantly modernized, taking into account the improvement in the quality of information provided to the country’s military and political leadership for strategic decision-making.
Key words: Turkey, strategy, national security, interests, threats, National intelligence organization.

Abstract. The state legal regulation of international and foreign economic relations of Russian regions, implemented in a variety of forms and directions, is integrated into the country’s constitutional and legal system. From the 1990s to the present day, it has undergone significant evolution, adapting to changes in the development of the state. The analysis of the regulatory framework presented in this article reveals the dynamics of changes in the political and legal status of the regions in the context of their international activities, characterized by a gradual restriction of their previous unstructured independence and a transition to more methodical supervision by certain federal authorities. Particular attention is paid to the regions’ actorness from the perspective of international relations theory, as well as their legal capacity in their international activities from a legal standpoint, the forms and methods of their participation in international relations, and the legally enshrined conceptual apparatus defining such activities. Having gone from previous independence to control, the regions’ external relations have not only retained their paradiplomatic potential but have also gained new opportunities thanks to institutional support and resources from the federal center, ensuring more efficient and controlled participation in international cooperation within the framework of national interests.
Key words: external relations of regions, subnational actors, international activities of regions, Russian regional paradiplomacy, cross-border cooperation, regional foreign trade activities, foreign economic and international relations of Russian Federation subjects.

The article is devoted to the study of forms and methods of influence of mass communication on mass consciousness. The relevance of the work is due to the transformation of the media landscape in the context of digitalization, which requires the systematization of modern mechanisms of influence. The main purpose of the article is to analyze the key methods of media interaction, their specifics and cultural conditionality.
The main method and explanatory principle of the work is the institutional activity approach, which considers communication as a social process with subject-object relations. The article is based on the scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists devoted to various aspects of the study of the influence of mass communication on mass consciousness.
In the course of the research, the forms and methods of mass communication’s influence on mass consciousness are systematized, and it is also revealed that mass communication forms cognitive patterns and polarization of consciousness through framing information messages, emotional content and algorithmic personalization. The key trends are the dominance of visual formats and the growing influence of microbloggers as subjects of media interaction.
To achieve this goal, the features of the impact of mass communication on mass consciousness are analyzed and the most relevant trends in the development of mechanisms of influence, including propaganda, framing and advertising, are identified. It is also determined that in collectivist societies (China, Japan), methods appealing to group values are effective, while in individualistic cultures (USA, EU), personal experience and critical thinking are more important.
It is concluded that mass communication uses a set of forms (informational, ideological, entertainment) and methods (framing, agenda setting, microtargeting) to influence mass consciousness, as well as that the effectiveness of methods depends on the cultural context and psychological characteristics of the audience.
Keywords: mass communication, mass consciousness, propaganda, mass media.

Abstract. The article is devoted to the Moscow Society of Naturalists’ July 2025 expedition along the Volga River and the Lower Volga region. It describes in detail the expedition’s most significant events, including its route, workshops, lectures, exhibitions, and other activities.
Key words: Moscow Society of Naturalist, MSON, 220 years of MSON, Lomonosov Moscow State University, scientific societies of Russia, expedition, Fleet of floating universities, Volga river, Kamyshin

Abstract. As part of the celebration of the 270th anniversary of the founding of Lomonosov Moscow State University, on the initiative of the Faculty of Global Studies, a round table “Russian-Armenian Relations at the Current Stage” was held at the Yerevan Branch of MSU on October 21, 2024, in which leading Russian and Armenian experts took part. Welcoming remarks were made by the Director of the Yerevan Branch A.N.Reimers, Counselor of the Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Armenia A.I.Novikov, Deputy Head of the Russian Center for Science and Culture in Yerevan E.S. Andreeva. Russian-Armenian relations have long traditions and a solid foundation. Sociological surveys show that the majority of Russians perceive Armenia as a natural and reliable ally in the South Caucasus. Russia is home to the world’s largest Armenian diaspora, which exceeds the population of Armenia. However, Russian-Armenian relations have recently undergone changes that are causing concern. Where will these changes lead? How will they affect the daily lives and well-being of residents of Russia and Armenia? How will changes in Russian-Armenian relations affect the geopolitics of the region and the entire world? Will the security of our countries increase or decrease? These and other questions were discussed at the expert round table, selected speeches of the participants are presented in the article.
Key words: Russian-Armenian relations, geopolitics of Transcaucasia, strategic
importance, transactional ethics, turning points, energy security of Armenia, migration
ties between Armenia and Russia.

Abstract. In the context of the expansion of the practice of sanctions restrictions and increasing geopolitical instability, there is an active search for new forms of international economic interaction, alternative to those that developed in the era
of unipolar globalization at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. Cooperation
among the BRICS countries is one of the key platforms for the emerging polycent_
ric world order and the basis for a new, more democratic, model of globalization.
The diverse interactions of the BRICS countries also include the search for a new
system of financial and economic settlements. Digitalization has made the transi_
tion to electronic means of international settlements inevitable, both bilaterally and
multilaterally. This ar ticle attempts to reveal the prospects for the development of
the digital settlements sector in relations between the BRICS countries based on
the formation of institutions of regulated national digital currencies—Central Bank
Digital Currencies.
Key words: Central Bank Digital Currencies,BRICS,New Development Bank,In>
ternational Monetary Fund, Bank for International Settlements, f inancial sovereignty,
polycentric model of globalization.

Abstract. Thе paper reviews Japan’s current climate policy as one of the key player in global climate policy. For this research governmental documents on climate change (National Development Contribution, the Long-Term Strategy under the Paris Agreement) were analyzed, along with the GX Strategy, the 6th Basic Energy Plan, and scientific papers. It is concluded that, to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, Japan has been introducing measures such as fur ther development of renewable energy and improvements in energy efficiency; advancement in atomic and hydrogen energy; exploration of ammonia potential and new “clean coal” technologies; and reducing of energy consumption in households. The Joint Credit Mechanism, carbon tax and carbon trading scheme have been introduced into the economy. The adoption of next generation vehicles is increasing. Carbon sinks and their potential, such as forests and marine ecosystems, are receiving significant attention in Japan. Additionally, adaptation measures are being developed, especially risk assessments for natural disasters.
On the one hand, the instruments of climate policy in Japan are typical for developed countries. On the other, there are its own peculiarities, such as diversification of renewable sources in its energy balance, the great success in energy efficiency, offset schemes, and the assessment of marine ecosystems for carbon sink potential.
Therefore, Japan demonstrates an active position in the international climate agenda and has a well-developed scheme of measures. Despite the slow progress in reducing greenhouse gases emissions from 2013 to 2021, it is presumed that Japan will be able to achieve its carbon neutrality goal, and its best technological and managerial practices may be adopted by other countries.
Key words: climate change, environmental policy, low-carbon, net-zero, emissions, blue carbon, adaptation.

Abstract. The Belt and Road Economic Initiative is China’s instrument in realizing the idea of reviving the state as a world power. The project covers more than sixty states with developing economies and populations exceeding four billion people, which account for 2/3 of world production. The Belt and Road Initiative is a kind of channel for economic and political interaction between China and the countries participating in the project, including the humanitarian component, which implies the promotion of China’s global image.
The political elite of today’s China define the formation of the world order and the interaction of civilizations not through their clash, but through dialogue between them. The atmosphere of trust is the key to creating a favorable economic climate for Beijing and expanding the possibility of transnational economic interaction.
The authors of the article highlight the instruments of China’s humanitarian policy in the South Caucasus region, which is included by China in the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative. China has a consistent position in the region, distancing itself from political problems, supporting the principle of territorial integrity of states, emphasizing joint infrastructure projects and supporting them with humanitarian programs. The three regional states are equal partners for Beijing, and the implementation of humanitarian programs is carried out in such areas as Chinese language learning and educational programs work with analytical and research centers; cultural programs and development of contacts with the media. Unlike Russia and Turkey, which traditionally play a significant role in the region, China is not associated with a state seeking political influence. The authors conclude that China’s humanitarian diplomacy in the South Caucasus contributes to the formation of a positive image among the population, creating a favorable environment for its economic projects.
Key words: humanitarian policy, humanitarian diplomacy, Belt and Road Initiative, emerging multipolarity, Community of Common Destiny, South Caucasus, China, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan.

Abstract. The article examines the characteristic features of China’s relations with neighbouring countries in the modern period, under the conditions of transformation of the world order and increasing tendencies of interference of large states in the geopolitical situation in the Asia-Pacific region. The author analyses the policies and strategies for positioning China’s efforts in the region, new regional challenges, integration projects, economic initiatives and historical conditions of bilateral and multilateral relations.
The discussion focuses on seven key factors influencing the format of China — periphery relations and the direction of their future development. These include the changing role and place of the periphery in China’s geostrategy, the processes of integration into the “community of common destiny”, the trends of intra-regional confrontation and opposition to external interference, as well as the challenges and prospects associated with the “era of unprecedented change”.
Key words: Chinese foreign policy, geostrategy, era of transformation, peripheral diplomacy, Asia-Pacific, multipolarity, Sino-US relations, “community of common
destiny of mankind”, “One Belt and One Road”, international security.

Abstract. European Union member states have shown an increasing interest in
developing nuclear energy, a trend that accelerated with the escalation of the Ukrainian crisis in 2022, which necessitated a reorientation of Europe’s energy infrastructure.
Two coalitions have recently emerged within the European Union: proponents and opponents of peaceful nuclear energy. The outcome of their discussions will determine the future of nuclear energy within the Union. Given this context, a comparative analysis was chosen as the methodological basis for the study. This approach allowed for a comparison of the positions of coalition members and their leaders, taking into account geopolitical factors, the level of technological and political readiness for launching new reactors, as well as energy dependence.
The author outlines possible directions for the EU member states’ approaches to nuclear energy development. It is expected that the projects already planned by EU countries will be completed, albeit with potential delays, while new initiatives involving Russia are likely to be reduced or abandoned. Central and Eastern European countries may expand their nuclear programs. A compromise may be reached in which nuclear and renewable energy sources could be perceived as complementary elements in achieving climate goals at the EU level.
Key words: energy security, European Union, energy crisis, nuclear energy, renewable energy, nuclear power plants.

Abstract. The Yalu River forest played a key role in the changes in the ecological environment and the reshaping of border order in Northeast Asia in modern times. For about ten years from 1895 to 1904, the Russian Geographical Society, the General Staff, and the Ministry of Finance dispatched numerous expedition teams to the Yalu River border. Along with forest researches on the border, Russia simultaneously “managed” the Yalu River forest business. Forest development on both sides of the Yalu River has become the focus of Russia’s attention in East Asia. At the same time, Russian military activities under the cover of the forestry cause aroused Japan’s vigilance. As the current situation changes, the Yalu River forest issue has become an important means for Japan’s “war par ty” to incite war sentiments. Japan has used this to successfully shape international public opinion on the “Russo-Japanese War” and present a “forced defense” posture. The Japan-Russia game ultimately led to the outbreak of war for multiple reasons, but the Yalu River forest issue was also an important inducing factor.
From the perspective of global history, this paper explores the inter twining of colonialism, imperialism and nationalism on the Yalu River border zone, thus presenting a forest history that transcends national boundaries.
Key words: Yalu River Forest, expedition activities, Russian-Japanese War, global history.

The article is devoted to the history of the formation and development of the Faculty of Global Processes of Moscow State University, one of the youngest faculties of Moscow University, the twentieth anniversary of which falls on the year of the 270th anniversary of the first university in Russia. The stages of the formation of the faculty are highlighted, its main achievements and role in the development of science, education, scientific and diplomatic activities of Moscow University are noted. The key areas of development of the faculty and events dedicated to the anniversary of Moscow University are noted.
Keywords: anniversary of Moscow State University, faculty of global studies, globalistics, scientific diplomacy.

One of the functions assigned to the Faculty of Global Processes at Moscow State University is to carry out fundamental work on the application of mathematical methods to analyze completely different socio-political, economic and cultural processes on planet Earth as a successor to the Club of Rome. The faculty’s experience in this area for more than 15 years shows that this area continues to live and develop, and is also transmitted to our younger generation through lectures and textbooks in the classroom. The paper presents the results of the faculty’s activities in the field of mathematical modeling of global processes as one of the scientific areas of work.
Key words: mathematical modeling, Club of Rome, nonlinear dynamics, Faculty of Global Processes, global studies.

The Department of Globalistics was one of the first to appear at the Faculty of Global Processes. The order for its establishment was signed on June 10, 2008. It included outstanding scientists: professors and associate professors, including Academician Arkady Dmitrievich Ursul and a well-known specialist in the history of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor V.A. Zmeev. Today, two prestigious scholarships, awarded to students of the faculty for significant achievements in scientific research and studies, have been named after them (posthumously). The head of the department is the Dean of the Faculty, Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor Ilya Vyacheslavovich Ilyin.
Key words: Department of Globalistics, Faculty of Global Processes, Lomonosov Moscow State University.

The article discusses the history of the creation and development of the Department of Geopolitics of the Faculty of Global Processes of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov. The main attention is paid to the employees of the department, who constitute its main potential. The educational and methodological work is reflected, the courses taught by the department’s staff are characterized. The Department of Geopolitics pays great attention to working with graduate students. An important component of the work of the Department of Geopolitics is scientific work and the publication activity that reflects it. In conclusion, prospects for the development of the Department of Geopolitics are outlined.
Key words: Department of Geopolitics, Faculty of Global Processes, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, personalities, educational and methodological work, scientific work, publication activity.

The head of the UNESCO Chair at the Faculty of Global Processes of the Moscow State University tells about the formation and development of the Chair, its uniqueness, various aspects of its activities, existing achievements and plans for the future.
Key words: UNESCO Chair, education, international relations.

Abstract. The article analyzes current global studies of the development of the modern world at the department touches upon social processes and work with young people of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov: philosophical, sociological, political, economic approaches. The article substantiates and reveals the goals and objectives of the department’s development, reflection of research work, as well as participation and organization in conferences. Particular attention is paid to such a process as social transformation and its role in the social uncertainty of the modern world. The main goal of studying current issues of research of the modern world allows us to provide proposals for optimizing the earliest possible exit of mankind to the path of development. A separate necessary block in the article is the preservation of the philosophical approach to the study of global development: it allows us to study global objects and processes as complex systems, the external interaction of their elements. In addition, the article also reflects the socio-cultural approach, which allows us to consider and solve problems of global development, including in the educational process. The political approach to solving problems is based on the study of transparent diplomacy as one of the revolutionary tools for restoring public health functions, which, in turn, need modern support. One of the points of view on economic security solves the most important problems – updating the quality of scientific forecasts of development not only in individual countries and regions, but also throughout the world. Thus, the article examines and proposes a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach to the study of current problems of global development of the modern world.
Key words: current research on global development, social uncertainty, sustainable development, philosophical approach, sociological approach, political approach, economic approach.

The article examines the origin and development of the Global Communications Chair at the Faculty of Global Studies of Lomonosov Moscow State University. The attention is focused on such important areas as scientific, educational and methodological work of the chair, it being represented by scientific publications, monographs, textbooks and manuals of the department staff. Much attention is paid to lecturing in foreign languages, holding scientific events and organizing dialogues with scientists from other countries and educational institutions. The article scrutinizes an innovative potential of many courses developed at the chair, especially the ones for professional communication. In conclusion, the prospects for the development of the chair are outlined.
Key words: Chair of Global Communications, scientific work, educational and methodological work, communication environment, globalization of cultural sphere.

The Department of Management Theory and Technology has been recreated and is successfully functioning at the Faculty of Global Processes, solving current problems of modernization of higher professional education set by the Rector of Moscow State University, Academician V.A. Sadovnichy and the dean of the faculty, Professor I.V. Ilyin. The staff of the department carries out the functions of educational, educational-methodological, scientific-research, educational and social work in accordance with the Charter of Moscow State University and the regulations and documents in force at the university. The teaching staff of the department is actively working on updating and updating the working curricula and work programs of disciplines in the areas of training in bachelor’s and master’s degrees, and is training postgraduate students. Priority attention is paid to scientific activities on the issues of global economics and management, research on the processes of regionalization and digitalization of the global economic space. International cooperation with the People’s Republic of China is developing.
Key words: university department, Moscow State University, educational work, scientific research, educational and social activities.

The article is devoted to the study of the development of the Department of Political Science of the East, the analysis of its scientific, pedagogical and research activities. The efforts of the department staff since its establishment were aimed at the development and implementation of high-quality new curricula, programs, lecture courses, textbooks and teaching aids so that students could get an adequate idea of ​​the real processes in the socio-economic and political development of the countries of Asia and Africa. Global upheavals of the late 20th century, the process of formation of the young Russian state and its role in the international arena, the problems of reforming higher education and, in parallel with this, the establishment of political science – all this was reflected in numerous discussions of that period, then duly developed in theoretical and applied research by employees and graduate students of the department.
Key words: Moscow University, political science, international relations, oriental studies, political development.